Emulate a Sun 2/120 running NetBSD

October 28 2003

Warning: This is alpha-quality software. Don't count on it for anything. Use it at your own risk.


Contents


Introduction

The Machine Emulator, or tme, is a program that provides a general-purpose framework for computer emulation. The first machine that tme could emulate was the Sun 2/120, one of the first widely available Sun workstations.


Getting the tme software

  1. Find a reasonably fast machine to be the host. A 500MHz Pentium III seems to give performance close to a 2/120.

  2. Follow all of the instructions for getting, building, and installing tme found under http://csail.mit.edu/~fredette/tme/. If you want the emulated 2/120 to have network access, be sure to follow the instructions about enabling tme to access the network.

  3. Download the Sun 2 Multibus Rev R ROM:

    http://csail.mit.edu/~fredette/tme/sun2-multi-rev-R.bin

    If Sun asks me to stop distributing this ROM, I will.


Making the machine-specific data

It's best to create a new working directory for each emulated machine you create. This directory will contain the configuration files and disk image for that machine.

In general, any working directory filename that begins with my- or MY- is a file that is specific to your individual emulated machine. With the exception of the disk image, these are mostly text files, and you are encouraged to edit many of them to suit yourself.

% mkdir /some/where/my-sun2
% cd /some/where/my-sun2

Now populate this directory:

  1. Copy the SUN2-MULTIBUS machine description file into the working directory:
    % cp /usr/pkg/share/examples/tme/SUN2-MULTIBUS ./MY-SUN2
    
    This file contains tmesh commands that create a Sun 2/120. If you don't change this file, it creates a Sun 2/120 with a bwtwo framebuffer, type-2 keyboard and mouse, one disk drive, one tape drive, and no network interface.

    If you can't use the emulated bwtwo framebuffer (because, for example, you aren't running X or didn't build tme with GTK), you must edit this file to disable the GTK-based display and enable the serial console instead. Comments in the MY-SUN2 file should explain how to do this.

  2. Copy the ROM image into the working directory:
    % cp /some/where/sun2-multi-rev-R.bin .
    

  3. Make a Sun 2 IDPROM file in the working directory:

    The tme-sun-idprom Perl script makes Sun IDPROM files. Before you can run it, you must choose an Ethernet address for your emulator - even if tme won't have access to the network. Ethernet addresses for Sun workstations always begin with 8:0:20, so pick three hexadecimal bytes XX:YY:ZZ such that 8:0:20:XX:YY:ZZ is not taken by any other machine on your LAN.

    % tme-sun-idprom 2/120 8:0:20:XX:YY:ZZ > my-sun2-idprom.bin
    

  4. If you do want to use the GTK-based display, copy the Sun keyboards map, and keyboard macros file into the working directory:
    % cp /usr/pkg/share/examples/tme/sun-keyboards.txt .
    % cp /usr/pkg/share/examples/tme/my-sun-macros.txt ./my-sun-macros.txt
    
    You should not edit the sun-keyboards.txt file, however you may want to edit the my-sun-macros.txt file. The two files work together to transform key events on your keyboard into Sun type-2 scan codes.

    The sun-keyboards.txt file lists all of the symbols (in X terminology, all of the "keysyms") on a Sun type-2 keyboard, and gives for each keysym a Sun type-2 scan code and some modifier information. Because Sun type-2 keyboards are never going to change, you shouldn't change this file, even if you think it lists keysyms that your keyboard doesn't have, like L1, R11, etc.

    The my-sun-macros.txt file is meant to adapt your keyboard to the Sun type-2 keyboard. Any keysyms that the Sun type-2 keyboard has, that your keyboard doesn't have, can be generated by macros added to this file. For example, tmesh may complain that:

    [/display0.0]: cannot generate keysym 'R9' directly: No such file or directory
    
    The odds are good that you don't care about generating the R9 key - it's one of the keysyms on the strange, original Sun numeric keypad. But if you absolutely must be able to generate the R9 key, you could add a line similar to the following to your my-sun-macros.txt file:
    Alt_R F9 = R9
    
    Then, you could simulate pressing R9 by pressing the right Alt key and then the F9 key.

    The my-sun-macros.txt that you copied from sun-macros.txt contains a small number of macros for generating the L1, L2, etc., keys. These macros should be sufficient for general use - simply ignore the tmesh warnings about other, obscure keysyms.

    Under X, to learn about the keysyms present on your keyboard, the xmodmap -pk command will print out your current keyboard map. Alternately, the xev command may be a more convenient way to see what key combinations on your keyboard generate which keysyms.

  5. Create the empty disk image file. Decide how big you want the emulated disk to be, in bytes, and substitute that number for NNNNNNNN below:
    % dd if=/dev/zero of=my-sun2-disk.img bs=1 count=1 seek=NNNNNNNN
    
    It's not immediately wasteful to choose a very large disk size - this dd command will create a disk image that initially takes up almost zero real space on your host's disk. Only as the disk is populated will your host's operating system allocate more real space to the image.


Installing NetBSD 1.6.1

Installing NetBSD in the emulator is very similar to installing it on a real Sun 2/120. This is good, because it allows developers to experience and debug installation problems in the emulator. This is also bad, because the installation procedure can be long and intimidating.

Making a virtual NetBSD tape

NetBSD installation on tme uses some classic tape procedures. You will create a single virtual tape that boots the emulator into a RAM disk kernel for labeling your virtual disk and copying a miniroot to it, and this tape will also contain the NetBSD binary sets that the miniroot will install onto the virtual disk.

Each segment of a tme virtual tape is really a regular file on your host machine. Start by creating a new directory, under your working directory, to hold the contents of this tape:

% cd /some/where/my-sun2
% mkdir my-tape
% cd my-tape
Now download the
NetBSD 1.6.1 official sun2 release. Please use a mirror close to you.

The files you want to download and place in the my-tape directory are:

The NetBSD 1.6.1 and earlier tapeboot program has bugs that prevent it from booting a Sun 2; version 1.12 fixes these bugs, but it isn't available from an official NetBSD site yet. Download it from here and place it in the my-tape directory:

http://csail.mit.edu/~fredette/tme/sun2-tapeboot.bin

Now, your my-tape directory should have the following contents:

% ls
base.tgz            kern-FOURMEG.tgz    netbsd.RAMDISK.gz
etc.tgz             miniroot.fs.gz      sun2-tapeboot.bin
Since decompression is extremely slow on any Sun 2, it's best to decompress these files on the host:
% gzip -d *z
% ls
base.tar            kern-FOURMEG.tar    netbsd.RAMDISK
etc.tar             miniroot.fs         sun2-tapeboot.bin
Now we will create the virtual tape. Although this isn't necessary, for convenience we will make numbered symlinks to these files. The numbers will correspond to positions, or segments, on the virtual tape, and we will then use those symlink names with tme:
% ln -s sun2-tapeboot.bin ./01
% touch ./02
% touch ./03
% ln -s miniroot.fs ./04
% ln -s netbsd.RAMDISK ./05
% ln -s base.tar ./06
% ln -s etc.tar ./07
% ln -s kern-FOURMEG.tar ./08
Create additional symlinks for any additional binary sets that you downloaded and want to install.

(Note that tape segments two and three are empty. On a real NetBSD boot tape, they would be the RAMDISK kernels for sun3 and sun3x systems.)

Booting and using the NetBSD/sun2 RAMDISK kernel

Now that you have created the virtual tape, you must boot it. This will run the NetBSD/sun2 RAMDISK kernel. This kernel has a very minimal set of utilities that will allow you to label the virtual disk and copy the miniroot to it.

  1. Start the emulator. Remember, if you're running a statically-linked, uninstalled emulator, you must have the environment variable LTDL_LIBRARY_PATH set to the top of your build tree:

    % cd /some/where/my-sun2
    % tmesh ./MY-SUN2
    ignore any cannot generate keysym warnings
    tmesh>

    The emulator itself is called tmesh. tmesh is a shell for running commands that create and control emulated machines. One day, you will be able to create and manage a whole set of emulated machines running inside the same tmesh process, but for now it's only been tested to handle one machine.

    tmesh takes one argument on its command line: the name of a text file containing initial commands for it to execute. In this case, MY-SUN2 contains commands to assemble a Sun 2/120.

    A new, rather blank GTK window should appear on your screen. If you see any error messages, hopefully they're descriptive enough to help you figure out what went wrong. Usually, the first error listed is the real problem; when a central element of the emulated Sun 2/120 can't be created, many subsequent errors will be generated because all of the attachments to that central element also fail.

    If you don't see any error messages, at this tmesh> prompt, give the ls command. This should give the following output:

    tmesh> ls
    mainbus0: tme/machine/sun2 multibus my-sun2-idprom.bin
    cpu0 at mainbus0: tme/ic/m68010
    obio0 at mainbus0 obio: tme/generic/bus size 8MB
    obmem0 at mainbus0 obmem: tme/generic/bus size 16MB
    ram0 at obmem0 addr 0x0: tme/host/posix/memory ram 4MB
    rom0 at obmem0 addr 0xef0000: tme/host/posix/memory rom sun2-multi-rev-R.bin
    rom0 at obmem0 addr 0xef8000
    clock0 at obio0 addr 0x2800: tme/machine/sun2/clock
    tod0 at obio0 addr 0x3800: tme/machine/sun2/tod
    zs0 at obio0 addr 0x2000 ipl 6: tme/machine/sun2/zs
    mbio0 at mainbus0 mbio: tme/generic/bus size 8MB
    mbmem0 addr 0x00000 at mainbus0 mbmem: tme/generic/bus size 8MB
    sc0 at mbmem0 addr 0x80000 ipl 2: tme/bus/multibus/sun-sc
    scsibus0 at sc0: tme/scsi/bus
    bwtwo0 at obmem0 addr 0x700000 ipl 4: tme/machine/sun2/bwtwo type obmem
    zs1 at obmem0 addr 0x780000 ipl 6: tme/machine/sun2/zs
    kbd0 at zs1 channel A: tme/serial/keyboard type sun-type-2 macros my-sun-macros.txt map sun-keyboards.txt
    ms0 at zs1 channel B: tme/serial/mouse type mousesystems-5
    display0 at bwtwo0: tme/host/gtk/display
    display0 at kbd0
    display0 at ms0
    sd0 at scsibus0: tme/scsi/disk id 0 type tme-scsi-1
    disk0 at sd0: tme/host/posix/disk file my-sun2-disk.img
    st0 at scsibus0: tme/scsi/tape id 4 type emulex-mt02
    tape0 at st0: tme/host/posix/tape
    

    If the output contains all of these entries, the next step is to load the virtual tape into the tape drive (be sure to add any additional tape segments corresponding to additional binary sets that you want to install):

    tmesh> command tape0 load my-tape/01 my-tape/02 my-tape/03 my-tape/04 my-tape/05 my-tape/06 my-tape/07 my-tape/08
    
  2. Now you should be able to power up the emulated Sun 2:
    tmesh> command mainbus0 power up
    
    After a while (the Sun 2 PROM does a good memory test), you should see something like this:

    Initial PROM banner

    At the end of the output, the single > is the Sun PROM monitor prompt. The Exception error is normal - the PROM tried to automatically boot the virtual disk that you created earlier with dd. Because the disk is empty, the blocks that normally contain the bootstrap are undefined.

    Now, tell the PROM to boot the tape. This is typed at the Sun PROM > prompt, not at the tmesh> prompt:

    > b st()
    
    After a short delay, the PROM should begin booting the virtual tape:

    Loading the RAMDISK kernel

    Once the RAMDISK kernel has been loaded into memory, it is relocated, and then booted. After the RAMDISK kernel has booted, it will display a welcome message and leave you at an ssh: (for "Simple Shell") prompt:

    The ssh prompt

  3. Now you should follow the traditional NetBSD/sun2 installation procedure, with respect to labeling the disk and copying the miniroot to it. To summarize:

Booting the miniroot and running the install script

The next step is to boot the miniroot you copied to the swap partition of your virtual disk, and run the install script it contains to do the actual NetBSD installation.
  1. At the PROM prompt, boot the miniroot:
    > b sd(,,1) -s
    

  2. When the miniroot is done booting, it will leave you at a single-user mode prompt. To begin the real NetBSD installation, run the install command, and follow the normal NetBSD/sun2 installation procedure. Some notes and hints:

  3. Once install is done, it will leave you at the # prompt. After you halt the machine, a simple b at the PROM prompt should boot the installed system.

  4. Now that the system has been fully installed, you may want to add a line to MY-SUN2 to automatically power up the machine each time you start tmesh:

    % echo 'command mainbus0 power up' >> MY-SUN2
    


Notes, bugs, etc.


Copyright © 2003 Matt Fredette, All Rights Reserved
$Revision: 1.4 $